From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: Authentication-Results: plum.tunbury.org; dkim=pass (1024-bit key; unprotected) header.d=inria.fr header.i=@inria.fr header.a=rsa-sha256 header.s=dc header.b=OqFZQsxA; dkim-atps=neutral Received-SPF: Pass (mailfrom) identity=mailfrom; client-ip=192.134.164.83; helo=mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr; envelope-from=caml-list-owner@inria.fr; receiver=tunbury.org Received: from mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr (mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr [192.134.164.83]) by plum.tunbury.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 1555940098 for ; Tue, 4 Aug 2026 07:44:41 +0000 (UTC) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=inria.fr; s=dc; h=from:to:date:message-id:mime-version:subject:reply-to: sender:list-id:list-help:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe: list-post:list-owner:list-archive; bh=5y1P7vbyICFYJrryyELxMwwz64i/0lOX09kQHFzKOws=; b=OqFZQsxAk85rZe0ejYFCE0qFXJT2lS0O7I4L7j3k/vVRcB9rZPqtSknM 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OCaml Weekly News

Previous Week<= /a> Up Next Week

Hello

Here is the latest OCaml Weekly News, for the week of July 28 to August 04,= 2026.

SQLite rewritten in Pure OCaml with Claude Code for use in Mir= age Unikernels

Archive: https://discuss.= ocaml.org/t/sqlite-rewritten-in-pure-ocaml-with-claude-code-for-use-in-mira= ge-unikernels/18401/1

Tej Pochiraju announced

Hi all,

For an internal project, I recently ported SQLite to pure OCaml for use wit= hin Mirage. Please find the repo here. Please note this is AI generated code - I design= ed and set up the test harness (Jepsen + SQLite parity) but didn't write an= y of the code.=20

Beyond standard relational tables, there's fledgling support for column ori= ented tables to use in OLAP type queries. While already fairly capable, I e= xpect this will see more commits as I make progress on the larger project.

The larger goal is a full-fledged IoT based workflow framework I am buildin= g for use at my company, IoTReady.com. Our current framework is JS based an= d uses SQLite + Parquet as DBs. I wanted something similar but suitable for= running within Mirage to meet some security and isolation density requirem= ents. That framework is WIP and may not be released publicly.

Hope this is useful to someone else too. Feel free to file feature requests= and issues.=20

Tej

New opam packages available : CamlSurf and Gles3

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/new-opam-packages-avai= lable-camlsurf-gles3/18404/1

Christophe Raffalli announced

Dear Camlers,

I am pleased to announce the latest version of Gles3 and a new avail= able software CamlSurf

CamlSurf.1.0

https://github.com/craff/Caml= Surf

CamlSurf is a software written using Gles3 that allows visualization of imp= licit surfaces and curves. You write a small script defining your surfaces = and curves, then run one or more scripts with CamlSurf_x11 script or CamlSurf_wayland script.=20

To install, opam install CamlSurf_x11 or opam install C= amlSurf_wayland should work (after opam update).

See https://raffalli.eu/CamlSurf for the documentation and a nice video.

bcfg, a Boringly Simple ConFiGuration format

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-bcfg-a-boring= ly-simple-configuration-format/18405/1

Calascibetta Romain announced

I am pleased to announce the first release of bcfg, a tool and library for manipulatin= g and generating configuration files in the Simple ConFiGuration file format (B stands for =E2=80=9Cb= oringly=E2=80=9D). The bcfg project stems from L=C3=A9o Andr= =C3=A8s=E2=80=99s (@ancolie) scfg project (see https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-first-release-of-s= cfg/9249), but aims to go a step further:

  • it extends the syntax so that non-UTF-8 strings are accepted in a form = similar to that specified in RFC822 (including fo= lding-whitespace)
  • the dependency set has also been reduced to use only ocamllex instead of sedlex, which is perfectly capable of handling = UTF-8 strings
  • the distribution includes a bcfgt library based on @dbuenz= li=E2=80=99s jsont design= and a draft implementation of @swrup on scfg
  • the tool has been extended to include a linter (allowing configuration = files to be reformatted) as well as a "jq-style" query tool to= extract information from an expression and a configuration file
  • the ability to stream serialisation and deserialisation (as can be done= with XML and the SAX model)

The tools are also available on our apt.robur.coop repository via our reproducible infrastructure: 

$ curl -fsSL https://apt.robur.coop/gpg.pub | gpg --dearmor > /usr/share=
/keyrings/apt.robur.coop.gpg
$ echo "deb [signed-by=3D/usr/share/keyrings/apt.robur.coop.gpg] https://ap=
t.robur.coop debian-13 main" \
  | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/robur.list
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install bcfg

We recommend reading the bcfg documentation to learn more about this format, these lib= raries and these tools, in the hope that we might also resolve or further c= omplicate the existential questions regarding the world=E2=80=99s best conf= iguration format.

3D"a2d5a1751cf96711=

Introcaml (alpha): Polymorphic Printing and Introspection for = OCaml

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.or= g/t/ann-introcaml-alpha-polymorphic-printing-and-introspection-for-ocaml/18= 407/1

Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric Bour announced

We are excited to share an alpha preview of Introcaml, an extension = of OCaml 5.5.0 that brings the power of toplevel-style introspection direct= ly into user programs.

What is Introcaml?

The OCaml toplevel has long been able to print arbitrary values without req= uiring explicit printer functions. However, this capability was internal to= the toplevel. Introcaml brings this machinery into the standard lib= rary, enabling polymorphic printing and structural introspection of values = of any type.

By recovering structure from metadata embedded in compiled code, Introcaml = allows you to inspect complex data structures, even those hidden behind abs= traction barriers, without writing tedious pp functions.

=F0=9F=9A=80 How to Try It

Introcaml is available via opam. The recommended way to test the alpha vers= ion is to create a specific switch: 

opam switch create 5.5.0+introcaml
  • Key Capabilities:
    • Polymorphic printing: Print any value regardless of its type, including= abstract types.
    • Fully integrated with the toplevel, the debugger, the bytecode/native c= ompilers, and their respective dynamic linkers.
  • Code Examples
    open I=
ntrospect.Print

(* 1. Simple polymorphic printing *)
type config =3D { host : string; =
port : int; debug : bool }
print_any_endline { host =3D "localhost"; port =3D 8080; debug =3D true =
};;
(* Output: {host =3D "localhost"; por=
t =3D 8080; debug =3D true} *)

(* 2. Breaking through abstraction *)
module M =3D Map.Make(Int)
print_any_endline (M.of_list [1, "one"; 2, "two"]);;
(* Output: Node {l =3D Empty; v =3D 1=
; d =3D "one"; r =3D Node {l =3D Empty; v =3D 2; d =3D "two"; r =3D Empty; =
h =3D 1}; h =3D 2}(* 3. Quick 'n' Dirty printing with I=
ntrospect.P *)
open Introspect.P
let month =3D "Augu=
st"
let year =3D 2026
let () =3D printl=
n ["Welcome to "; month; " "; year; "!"<=
/span>]
(* Output: Welcome to August 2026! *)

    —

=F0=9F=9B=A0 How it Works

Introcaml implements a probabilistic metadata recovery scheme designed for = high performance:

  1. Reserved bits: It stores a "tag" in the reserved header bits of = OCaml objects.
  2. Index: A side-database (Introspect.Index.t) maps th= ese tags to a descriptor (Introspect.Desc.t), which des= cribes the syntactic representation of the value.
  3. Zero overhead: The compilation scheme is designed so that overhe= ad is negligible in bytecode and virtually nonexistent in native mode.
  • The Introspect API=

    The new Introspect module provides several layers of access:

    Low-level (for tool authors):

    • Desc: The representation of structural descriptors.
    • Index: The mapping from object headers to descriptors.
    • Dyn: A dynamic view of OCaml objects guided by descriptors= , allowing for programmatic traversal (ideal for custom debug tools).

    High-level (for general use):

    • Print: A Format-based polymorphic printing AP= I.
    • P: A convenience module for "quick and dirty" generic prin= ting.

    —

=F0=9F=94=8D Integration with existing printers

Previously, printing an opaque type in the toplevel or the debugger would s= imply result in <abstr>. Now, these tools use type-direc= ted printing by default but seamlessly switch to tag-based printing when en= countering opaque constructions. 

# let h =3D Hashtbl.create 3;;
val h : ('_weak3, '_weak4) Hashtbl.t =3D
  <abstr>
    {size =3D 0; data =3D (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
     seed =3D 0; initial_size =3D 16}

—

=E2=9A=A0=EF=B8=8F Limitations & Current Status (= Alpha)

As this is an alpha release, there are several known limitations. Some are = temporary, while others are inherent to the design:

  • Architecture & Compiler:
    • Does not support 32-bit architectures. (Tested on x86_64 and arm64).
    • Not compatible with Flambda.
    • js_of_ocaml is currently unsupported (though a fix is stra= ightforward).
  • Metadata Constraints:
    • Constants: Due to limited space for metadata, some constants can= not be printed (e.g., print_any None may print 0,= but println [None] will likely succeed because the list wrapp= er provides metadata).
    • Poly-variants: These are approximated (e.g., print_any `A<= /code> may print 65 or `A).
    • FFI: Values originating from the FFI are not tagged and will be = printed as raw tuples/values unless wrapped in a tagged structure. (Note: F= FI compatibility is entirely preserved).

  • Marshalling: Tags are not preserved during marshalling by default. T= o preserve them, you must opt-in using the Reserved_bits flag: 

    let roundtrip flags x<=
/span> =3D Marshal.from_string (Marshal.<=
/span>to_string x flags) 0;;
println [roundtrip [Reserved_bits] (=
ref 1)];; (* Outp=
ut: {contents =3D 1} *)
  • Object Size: By reserving 22 bits for metadata, the maximum leng= th for arrays is \~4 billion elements and for strings is 32GB.

—

Acknowledgements: This work is funded by the Ahrefs Grant Program for OCaml.

Kudos to =C3=87a=C4=9Fda=C5=9F Bozman et al. for the original work on ocp-memprof, which provided the idea and infrastructure for repurpo= sing header bits, and many thanks to the maintainers who have preserved thi= s capability.

=F0=9F=A4=96 Note: No robots were harmed during the design and imple= mentation of this feature, though their help was solicited for testing and = proof-reading.

Learnings from benchmarking OxCaml-flavoured SWAR memchr

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/learning= s-from-benchmarking-oxcaml-flavoured-swar-memchr/18411/1

Keith discussed

Editor=E2=80=99s note: there were many long replies to this post, please= follow the link above for the full discussion.

Hi everyone, just wanted to share a benchmarking project that I had created= over the past few days for testing out OxCaml:

https://github.com/KiChja= ng/ml-memchr

I come from 10+ years of Rust, started hacking on it when it still had the = Ruby-inspired closure syntax where parameters denoted by the two pipes are = written inside of the block instead of outside of it (i.e. {|arg| sta= tements;} instead of |arg| { statements; }). Certainly = not the earliest batch, but early enough to know that before Rust was self-= hosted, the compiler was written in OCaml, which is why I'm really interest= ed in seeing how OCaml is "learning from its child". I had a brief stint in= writing OCaml at a startup, but that was too short of a time to consider m= yself familiar with it.

The README.md of the repo does a fairly good job in explaining the intricat= e details, and admittedly AI was used to write it, but what AI cannot tell = you is the experience of writing it. Yes, I used AI, but no, I did not let = it write everything, because one of the aims of this exercise is to help me= learn both OCaml and OxCaml.

Let's go through the good, the bad and the ugly parts of coding in OxCaml. = Bear in mind that some of these points are due to me being an OCaml noob an= d am still learning things about the language.

The Good

The conciseness and the compile-times. I'm absolutely floored by jus= t how elegant idiomatic OCaml source code looks. Everything just works with= out much ceremony: no braces nor brackets, no random fn keywor= ds, and most importantly no cruft that gets in the way – you just let there =3D light, and there was light. Not only that, the compile-verify-rewrite loop is quite fast, precisely = because compile times are amazingly fast, so fast that even utop exists as a REPL, allowing me to test ideas out before committing to the= m. These aren't things that a Rustacean is used to: normally what happens i= s that whenever I encounter a new crate, I rely on docs.rs for documentatio= n about the features coming from the crate, or spend time creating a new un= it test and compiling it to see how it works. I can really now see why OCam= l developers would want to continue writing OCaml despite it not being one = of the most popular languages out there.

Dune. This sort of ties back into the previous point on conciseness:= build configuration is really just tuples/s-expressions. While I can still= pretty much achieve the same effects in Rust with Cargo.toml,= everything being s-expressions in dune means that there really isn't much = overhead. I now come to think of this style as minimally yet sufficientl= y concise, e.g. the brackets in an s-expression is the minimal structur= e around data, and semantics simply just fall out from what you put between= the brackets. Integration with C is pretty seamless as well, along with Ru= st, though the latter still requires teaching dune to use cargo, which does= n't really strike me as surprising as C is much more well-established as th= e lingua franca in systems programming.

[@@zero_alloc]. This is what OxCaml brings to the table= and it delivers right away – mark your val~s with it in your i= nterface definitions, and it'll immediately try and catch any possible allo= cations that you make within your function. I'm used to zero-cost abstracti= ons so being made aware that some language features aren't free in terms of= allocations was quite new to me (I'm looking at you, ~option). It m= akes sense upon closer inspection, but the initial surprise is still there = – I guess I'm just really not used to thinking that nice language fea= tures have non-trivial costs associated with them. Anyway, the annotation c= ertainly took a page from Rust, where the check happens all at compilati= on time, so code that compiles with that annotation is guaranteed not t= o allocate anything by the compiler. I love my parents.

Mutable local variables. I know enough OCaml to know that the standa= rd way is to use 'a ref, but seeing how mutable j= ust works exactly the way I thought without much fanfare was quite nice. It= also doesn't require using the ! prefix when "dereferencing" = the variable to read its value; the only downside is that it still does req= uire <- for assignment. That's inevitable, since =3D<= /code> has been overloaded with too much meaning; in fact, the odd one out = here is logical equality, since let-bindings and record fields are arguably= both in the same category of assignment operators.

Unboxed tuples and records. They just work as expected, even in patt= erns. You really just need to prefix everything with #, and it= 'll work, e.g. the common pattern that I often use in Rust when I need to r= eturn or bind two or more values at the same time is to use tuples, and in = OxCaml it's pretty much the same: 

let #(a, b) =3D if cond then #(#8L, foo) else #(#3L, bar)

Automatic byte alignment. OCaml strings and byte arrays are automati= cally aligned to a whole number of words, so I never need to worry about mi= salignment when reading the final partial word, nor requiring a prologue to= first advance bytes so that it lands on a word boundary.

The Bad

Functionality incompleteness. This may just be a result of OxCaml st= ill being a fairly new language extension, but some basic operations just a= ren't there when I reach out for them during development – logical in= fix operators, bit shifting, and even comparison infix operators. Some of t= hem are not even in stdlib at all, but rather part of the compiler intrinsi= cs – I had to dig Bytes.unsafe_get_in64_ne_indexed_by_int64 out from the compiler source code in order to know that such functional= ities even existed, and an unsafe load for unsigned int8 curre= ntly doesn't exist even as an intrinsic anywhere. On the other hand, I get = why the polymorphic infix operators don't work – 'a has = the value layout, and int64# has bits64, and structural comparison between the two just wouldn't work. It would= be so great if the polymorphic operators also ignores the layout that the = arguments have as long as they match.

Performance impacts on certain functions. Specifically, the ones tha= t mix-and-match parameters with their boxed and unboxed counterparts. This = may not actually affect anything, but I've been lied to by Claude so many t= imes that I have to put this up, because intuitively speaking, unboxing and= especially boxing has a non-negligible cost associated with them, and e.g.= Int64_u.shift_{left,right} requires me to use an unboxed 2nd = argument to indicate how many bits I want to shift by. I've been told that = boxing for comparison using Int64_u.compare doesn't allocate a= nything despite having to compare the resulting boxed integer, and Claude s= ays the disassembly from memchr.a proves it: 

Int64_u.(compare ((to_int i) + 8) n < 0)
=2D--
22a:  lea    0x11(%rbx,%rbx,1),%r12   ; 2i + 17, i.e. tagged(i + 8)
22f:  cmp    %rdi,%r12                ; vs tagged n
232:  jg     280

I really can't know for sure whether this is every instruction emitted by t= he expression since i originally was an unboxed integer, and C= laude may be missing the context where i is being retagged/reb= oxed again just to make this comparison.

The unboxed variant looks like the following: 

Int64_u.(compare (i + #32L) (of_int n) < 0)
=2D--
101:  lea    0x20(%rbx),%r12      ; i + 32
109:  cmp    %rsi,%r12            ; vs n, pre-untagged at 0xd7
10c:  jg     224

Taken at face value, both generate the same number of instructions and all = but the parameters are identical, so if there's anything that's different, = it has to be the hidden costs of the parameters being passed to these instr= uctions. This bit matters, because it's in the hot loop execution path, and= every instruction or nanosecond we save here can scale up to micro or even= milliseconds saved.

Ergonomics. This cuts both ways, I really like the localized imports= that I showcased above with Int64_u.(expression) instead of t= agging each function repeatedly, but doing it over and over again gets repe= titive. I could indeed use a local import by doing let open Int64_u i= n, however there are times where this doesn't work as expected, espe= cially when I have to deal with boxed integers of varying sizes as well, li= ke the aforementioned int. I don't think this is a problem tha= t can be solved generally unless we solve the problem of polymorphic layout= s, so I'd still list this as a pain point.

The ugly

No continues/breaks/early returns. This is starting to get really ug= ly – while I understand the argument from functional programmers that= imperative code can usually be rewritten in a purer functional style witho= ut mutation, we're now in systems programming land, and every instruction e= mitted counts, and not being able to directly jump to where I want using co= ntinues, breaks or returns is a huge hole in my repertoire. Take for exampl= e, the code that I had to use to force an early exit in the loop: 

 while Int64_u.(i + #8L <=3D n64) do
  let r =3D swar_raw (Bytes.unsafe_get_int64_ne_indexed_by_int64 s i) in
  if not Int64_u.(r land mask =3D #0L) then (
    hit <- i;
    i <- n64)
  else i <- Int64_u.(i + #8L)
done

See what I did here? I essentially have to assign n64 to i so that the loop condition fails just to "break" from the loop. A= nd we're not done here either, because i denotes the offset at= which to start reading bytes, so a later loop needs it to be preserved: 

if Int=
64_u.(hit >=3D #0L) then i <- hit;

I got lucky here because I am able to recover i quite easily a= s I've assigned it to hit, but one can easily imagine that you= can't be as lucky with other loops. You may have to keep spare variables a= round just to store the state of the loop when you break it, just to preser= ve it and use it on subsequent code paths. Granted, this may not be as much= of a problem as I make it to be, since it's not on the hot execution path = but rather done at most once every loop, but continue is certa= inly not the case. I guess in a proper TCO'd recursive function, calling th= e function again with new parameters would be equivalent to a continue, but= I haven't tested it out enough yet to really conclude that TCO is as fast = as an imperative loop.

Attributes can be trivially defeated. Not an OxCaml problem per se, = but I accidentally defeated the usage of [@inline always] in t= he idiomatic ML flavour of memchr because the function I'm annotating captu= res a variable from the environment: 

let[@inline always] swar_raw w =3D
  let w =3D Int64_u.(w lxor cs)=
 in
  Int64_u.((w - o=
nes) land lognot w)
in

Both cs and ones aren't passed in as parameters, = so now swar_raw becomes a real function that gets allocated on the stack, which means both [@@zero_alloc] and the ben= chmark's mWd/Run didn't catch it, as they measure heap allo= cations. Unfortunately, even stack allocations still cost performance, = because calling functions are not free and requires setting up the call fra= me, loading the environment variables from memory, saving the context in th= e callee, and cleaning up before returning to the callee, none of which are= trivial costs that can easily be eliminated.

Admittedly, this was my personal skill issue for not being well-versed enou= gh in OCaml, I just have a feeling that the compiler should have at least w= arned me that it isn't inlining the function as I told it to due to capture= d variables. Fixing this bug immediately brought the ML functional style me= mchr implementation down to the same speed as the imperative ML style memch= r, and maybe even 1-2% faster based on benchmarks.

Closing thoughts

Let's put into perspective about the numbers: OCaml's Byte.index is about 10x slower than the Rust/C equivalent, whereas OxCaml managed t= o get it down to about only 1.3x slower. This magnitude of difference is a = huge win! With OxCaml as a language extension that may have its features up= streamed, OCaml can now have its system's slice of the cake and eat it too = by being in the same order of magnitude as C/Rust. I'd say that OxCaml has = completely justified its raison d'=C3=AAtre, especially on the part where o= ne can write idiomatic-ish OCaml syntax sprinkled with unboxed integers and= still get performance close to bare metal.

I think it's also good to address the friction points while developing in O= xCaml – while writing this post, I've also tried to write a largely s= afe, idiomatic Rust version of memchr, and that alone is already about 10% = faster than the OxCaml equivalent. What I wanted to bring up here isn't my = varying skill levels in these two languages (although it may have indeed pl= ayed a factor), but rather how the programming language's philosophy gui= des the way you think. If you've heard of linguistic relatively or the = older Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in linguistics, this is exactly that, applied = to programming languages – Rust is fundamentally about building safe,= robust and efficient software, so the language features such as zero-cost = abstractions, horrendously long compile times, bloated compiler error messa= ges is designed exactly for you to write code that's going to be safe and f= ast by default.

OCaml is not that, and it doesn't have to pretend to be something it isn't = either, because it also has advantages over Rust that is hard to replicate = there – fast compile times, layouts that are so uniform to the point = where you really don't think about them, tail-call optimizations that bring= s loops/recursions close to bare-metal speed, and a richer type system that= supports GADTs and monads, and let's not forget – without OCaml, the= re wouldn't be Rust. There's clearly still a lot that OCaml can offer to th= e world, and we (basically just me) still haven't seen all it has to offer = yet.

The pain points that I've listed are mostly because OxCaml is ostensibly wr= itten for systems programmers to write efficient code, and the syntax/tooli= ng right now simply doesn't exactly support those goals just yet. Making it= run faster is great; allowing anyone to easily write programs that are by = default running efficiently is awesome.

What's next

OxCaml has SIMD support via oxcaml_simd, so that's the natural= next step to test and see how it fares when compared with the optimized C = and Rust versions, the latter provided by BurntSushi's memchr crate (yes, it's his real u= sername). After that, I'm looking to see if I can port some small and self-= contained Rust crates over to OxCaml and continue experimenting on the perf= ormance characteristics. Bear in mind that memchr is a constra= ined example operating with only the input arguments; it'll be interesting = to see how it works with systems that require storage and memory over time.

OCaml Runtime Meeting: Mon, July 6 @ 10:00 UTC (10:00 London/C= ambridge, 11:00 Paris, 7pm Sydney)

Archive: http= s://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ocaml-runtime-meeting-mon-july-6-10-00-utc-10-00-lo= ndon-cambridge-11-00-paris-7pm-sydney/18312/6

Continuing this thread, Tim McGilchrist announced

Thank you for the correct @kit-ty-kate I'll post the notice a bit earlier f= or next month. The notes are available on https:= //hackmd.io/Cwj7lWjuRlKEr8H8F6wpRw?view#Agenda-Items-for-meeting-on-August-= 3rd-2026

The next edition will be Monday October 5th at the same time.

Old CWN

If you happen to miss a CWN, you can send me a message and I'll mail it to you, or go take a loo= k at the archive or the <= a href=3D"https://alan.petitepomme.net/cwn/cwn.rss">RSS feed of the archive= s.

If you also wish to receive it every week by mail, you may subscribe to the= caml-list.

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