From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: Received: from mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr (mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr [192.134.164.83]) by sympa.inria.fr (Postfix) with ESMTPS id B25027F332 for ; Tue, 3 Dec 2019 16:42:57 +0100 (CET) X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="5.69,273,1571695200"; d="asc'?scan'208,217";a="417352768" Received: from 207-7-99-34.oc.nextlevelinternet.com (HELO set) ([207.7.99.34]) by mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr with ESMTP/TLS/AES256-GCM-SHA384; 03 Dec 2019 16:42:54 +0100 User-agent: mu4e 1.2.0; emacs 26.3 From: Alan Schmitt To: "lwn" , "cwn" , caml-list@inria.fr Date: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 16:42:51 +0100 Message-ID: <878sntl8jo.fsf@inria.fr> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/signed; boundary="===-=-="; micalg=pgp-sha256; protocol="application/pgp-signature" Subject: [Caml-list] Attn: Development Editor, Latest OCaml Weekly News --===-=-= Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="=-=-=" --=-=-= Content-Type: multipart/alternative; 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OCaml Weekly News

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Hello

Here is the latest OCaml Weekly News, for the week of November 26 to Decemb= er 03, 2019.

Irmin 2.0.0 release

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-irmin-2-0-0-release/4746/5

Continuing this thread, samoht announced

And there is now a follow-up blog post, explaining how to use the new Graph= QL API available in Irmin2: https://tarides.com/blog/2019-11-27-introducing-= irmin-graphql.

How viable is delivering binaries linked to Cygwin to Windows = customers?

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.or= g/t/how-viable-is-delivering-binaries-linked-to-cygwin-to-windows-customers= /4775

mbacarella asked

I=E2=80=99m in the early stages of planning a deliverable binary product th= at will run on Linux, Mac and Windows.

My brief sniff of the air around the OCaml ecosystem says I should expect t= o target Cygwin to get Windows going (although there=E2=80=99s impressive w= ork to get native Windows stuff done that can become the preferred approach= in a few years).

My experience using Cygwin as an operating environment is that it=E2=80=99s= pretty darn sluggish compared to Linux on the same computer.

Why is this? There=E2=80=99s an anecdote that says Cygwin can only fork at = about 30-50x a second on Windows, due to how it has to adapt it to work wit= hin Windows=E2=80=99 task spawning model. (For contrast, Linux can achieve = thousands of forks per second if you play around with it).

I understand from another product developer that when they build binaries t= o deliver to Windows/Cygwin, they actually cross-compile on Linux because o= f how slowly the toolchain runs on Cygwin.

That sounds like bad news if you want to do UNIXy things, but for a single = standalone application this might not be so bad? I assume if I ship a deliv= erable to Windows/Cygwin, the end user may enjoy good performance, so long = as I=E2=80=99m not spawning tons of processes or relying on fork for multi-= programming. Is this a safe assumptions?

Any other gotchas when it comes to OCaml on Cygwin w.r.t. performance?

The app pretty much has real-time gaming requirements (though it=E2=80=99s = not a game so can side-step worrying about access to GPUs and what-not). St= ated another way, although my application will depend on the POSIX layer of= fered by Cygwin, I expect it not to crunch POSIX related stuff in the main = loop.

How has your experience gone?

John Whitington replied

I have been shipping commercial binaries for Linux (32 and 64 bit), Windows= (32 and 64bit) and OS X for years. For example: https://githu= b.com/coherentgraphics/cpdf-binaries

And even static or shared libraries in binary form: https://gith= ub.com/coherentgraphics/cpdflib-binary

On OS X, you need to use MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET or similar to make sure y= our builds will run on older systems. And, in fact, you need to use MACOSX_= DEPLOYMENT_TARGET when asking OPAM to compile the OCaml compiler itself. An= d, you will need to deal with codesigning and notarization. But it=E2=80=99= s all doable.

For linux, you may need to build under older linux versions, to make sure t= hat the glibc in use is old enough. This is not an ocaml-specific problem. = I have a 64 bit and 32 bit VM with old-ish glibc versions for this purpose.

Under Windows, there are no such backward-compatibility problems. I use the= new OCaml for windows system, which comes with OPAM, and is mingw-based. N= o cygwin remains in the final binary.

For more obscure systems (AIX, HPUX, Sparc etc) customers compile from sour= ce (with help from me). Not once in more than ten years has anyone cared that = it was written in OCaml.

dbuenzli also replied

remember that on the Windows native port, the Unix module distributed with = OCaml is your POSIX compatibility layer. There are a few entry points to av= oid though, the list is at the bottom of this page.

nojb also replied

At LexiFi our main application is developed and shipped on Windows. We use = the msvc port of OCaml. This means that you need Cygwin to develop, but the= resulting application is fully native and does not depend on the Cygwin DL= L. As @dbuenzli mentioned, the Unix module is the POSIX compatibilit= y layer.

Compilation speed is slower on Windows because process creation is slower o= n Windows as a general rule, but it is manageable (our application has arou= nd 2000 modules + Js_of_ocaml + C bindings + C# component).

We don=E2=80=99t have any issues with runtime performance. The Unix library mentioned above implements Windows support directly without g= oing through any compatibility layer and is quite efficient.

BikalGurung also replied

There is an editor being built in ocaml/reasonml which currently targets wi= ndows, linux and macos - https:/= /github.com/onivim/oni2. However, the binary is native windows rather t= han cygwin derivative. So if you don=E2=80=99t have to use cygwin dependenc= ies then native windows binary could be the way to go.

Also esy - https://github.com/esy/es= y makes developing ocaml/reasonml on windows viable.

keleshev also replied

TLDR: Install the Mingw port of OCaml 4, freely use most opam libraries, and co= mpile to native Windows binaries, without licensing issues.

I recommend you read the =E2=80=9CRelease notes for Windows=E2=80=9D: htt= ps://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/blob/trunk/README.win32.adoc

To summarise, there are three Windows ports:

  • Native Microsoft port,
  • Native Mingw port,
  • Cygwin port.

All three require Cygwin for development purposes. I recommend using the Na= tive Mingw, as:

To contrast, Native Microsoft requires Visual Studio, and doesn=E2=80=99t h= ave opam. You can still vendor pure OCaml packages, but as soon as you want= to use some C bindings you=E2=80=99re in trouble, because of the =E2=80=9C= minor=E2=80=9D differences between Visual C and GCC. And everything assumes= GCC nowadays.

Cygwin port is the one I don=E2=80=99t have experience with, but re-reading= the =E2=80=9CRelease notes for Windows=E2=80=9D above it strikes me that i= t mentions that Cygwin was re-licensed from GPL to LGPL with static linking= exception. So it looks like the Cygwin port could be viable for commercial= use, but I never tried to statically linked cygwin.dll, and I= =E2=80=99m not sure what are the benefits of Cygwin port over the Mingw por= t.

dmbaturin also replied

With soupault 4, I decided = to ship prebuilt binaries for all platforms including Windows. Mostly to se= e if I can, all its users I know of are on UNIX-like systems and know how t= o build from source, but that=E2=80=99s beside the point. :wink:

I can confirm everything @keleshev says: fdopen=E2=80=99s package just work= s, opam works exactly like it does on UNIX, pure OCaml libraries are trivia= l to install, and the binaries don=E2=80=99t depend on cygwin. Note that =E2=80=9Copam switch create=E2=80=9D also just works, you can ins= tall either MinGW or MSVC compiler versions as opam switches. I only ever start the Windows VM to make release builds, and the workflow i= s exactly the same as on Linux where I=E2=80=99m actually writing code.

My only obstacle on that path was that FileUtils lost its Windows compatibi= lity, but I wanted to use it, so I worked with @gildor478 to make it cross-= platform again. Uncovered a bug in the implementation of Unix.utimes in the= process, but it=E2=80=99s hardly a commonly used function.

You can also setup AppVeyor builds. It=E2=80=99s not as simple as I wish it= would be, but there are projects doing it that you can steal the setup fro= m.

There=E2=80=99s also opam-cross-windows, but it=E2=80=99s very incomplete a= nd needs work to be practical. There are no big obstacles, it just needs wo= rk. While files in opam-repository-mingw are normally identical to the defa= ult opam repository, the cross one needs small adjustments in every package= to specify the toolchain to use, so the required work is mostly a lot of t= rivial but manual actions. I hope eventually it reaches parity with fdopen= =E2=80=99s one and we=E2=80=99ll be able to easily build for Windows withou= t ever touching Windows.

As of static Linux builds, @JohnWhitington=E2=80=99s approach can work, but= there=E2=80=99s a better option if you don=E2=80=99t need anything from gl= ibc specifically and don=E2=80=99t link against any C libs: build staticall= y with musl. There=E2=80=99s a +musl+static+flambda compiler f= lavour. You need musl and gcc-musl to install it, but after that, just buil= d with -ccopt -static flag and you get a binary that doesn=E2= =80=99t depend on anything.

Dune 2.0.0

Archive: https:= //discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-dune-2-0-0/4758

rgrinberg announced

On behalf of the dune team, I=E2=80=99m delighted to announce the release o= f dune 2.0. This release is the culmination of 4 months of hard work by the= dune team and contains new features, bug fixes, and performance improvemen= ts . Here=E2=80=99s a selection of new features that I personally find inte= resting:

  • New boostrap procedure that works in low memory environments
  • (deprecated_library_name ..) stanza to properly deprecate = old library names
  • (foreign_library ..) stanza to define C/C++ libraries.
  • C stubs directly in OCaml executables

Refer to the change log for an exhaustive list.

We strive for a good out of the box experience that requires no configurati= on, so we=E2=80=99ve also tweaked a few defaults. In particular, $ du= ne build will now build @all instead of @install<= /code>, and ocamlformat rules are setup by default.

Lastly, dune 2.0 sheds all the legacy related to jbuilder and will no longe= r build jbuilder projects. This change is necessary to ease maintenance and= make it easier to add new features down the line. There are a few other mi= nor breaking changes. Refer to the change log for the full list. We apologi= ze in advance for any convenience this might cause.

Changelog

Advanced C binding using ocaml-ctypes and dune

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/advanced-c-binding-us= ing-ocaml-ctypes-and-dune/4805

toots announced

I worked on a socket.h binding last summer and had a great experience integ= rating ocaml-ctypes with dune, I thought that might be of interest to other= developers so I wrote about it: https://me= dium.com/@romain.beauxis/advanced-c-binding-using-ocaml-ctypes-and-dune-cc3= f4cbab302

rgrinberg replied

This is a good article. I encourage anyone who writes C bindings with ctype= s to study it carefully.

A little bit of advice to shorten your dune files: 

(deps    (:gen ./gen_constants_c.exe))

This line isn=E2=80=99t necessary. Dune is smart enough to know that runnin= g a binary in a rule incurs a dependency on it.

dune has a truly amazing support for cross-compiling, which we do not cov= er here, but, unfortunately, its primitives for building and executing bina= ries do not yet cover this use case.

Indeed, we don=E2=80=99t have any primitives for running binaries on the ta= rget platform. Perhaps we should add some. However, we do in fact have some= features in dune to solve this concrete cross compilation problem. As far = as I understand, the goal is to obtain some compile time values such as #de= fine constants and field offsets for the target platform. This does not in = fact require to run anything on the cross compilation target. In configurat= or, we have a primitive C_define.import to extract this inform= ation. The end result is that these configurator scripts are completely com= patible with cross compilation.

Perhaps this could be generalized to work with ctypes generators as well?

Funny bit of trivia: The hack in configurator required to do this is in fac= t something I extracted from ctypes itself. The original author is whitequark, who in turn wrote it to = make ctypes itself amendable to cross compilation.

emillon then added

This does not in fact require to run anything on the cross compilation targ= et. In configurator, we have a primitive C_define.import to ex= tract this information. The end result is that these configurator scripts a= re completely compatible with cross compilation.

If anybody wants to know more about this bit, I wrote an article about this= last year: https://dune.bu= ild/blog/configurator-constants/

Upcoming breaking change in Base/Core v0.14

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/upcoming-breaking-change= -in-base-core-v0-14/4806

bcc32 announced

We=E2=80=99re changing functions in Base that used to use the polymorphic variant type [ `Fst of 'a | `Snd of 'b ] to use ('a, 'b)= Either.t instead. As well as enabling the use of all of the functions in the Either module, this makes the functions consistent with other functions that already use Either.t, (currently just Set.symmetric_diff)

The following functions=E2=80=99 types will change:

  • Result.ok_fst
  • List.partition_map
  • Map.partition_map, Map.partition_mapi
  • Hashtbl.partition_map, Hashtbl.partition_mapi=

The type of List.partition3_map will not change: 

val partition3_map
  :  'a t
  -> f:('a -> [ `Fst of 'b | `Snd of 'c | `Trd of 'd ])
  -> 'b t * 'c t * 'd t

We don=E2=80=99t have a generic ternary variant, and it doesn=E2=80=99t see= m worth it to mint one just for this purpose.

Since this change is pretty straightforward, we expect that a simple find/r= eplace will be sufficient to update any affected call sites.

CI/CD Pipelines: Monad, Arrow or Dart?

Archive: https://roscidus.com/blog/blog/2019/11/14/cicd-pipelines/

Thomas Leonard announced

In this post I describe three approaches to building a language for writing= CI/CD pipelines. My first attempt used a monad, but this prevented static = analysis of the pipelines. I then tried using an arrow, but found the synta= x very difficult to use. Finally, I ended up using a light-weight alternati= ve to arrows that I will refer to here as a dart (I don=E2=80=99t know if t= his has a name already). This allows for static analysis like an arrow, but= has a syntax even simpler than a monad.

https= ://roscidus.com/blog/blog/2019/11/14/cicd-pipelines/

Use of functors to approximate F# statically resolved type par= ameters

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t= /use-of-functors-to-approximate-f-statically-resolved-type-parameters/4782<= /a>

cmxa asked

I am learning OCaml coming from F#. In F#, to calculate the average of an a= rray whose element type supports addition and division, one can write 

let inline average (arr: 'a[]) : 'a
    when ^a : (static member DivideByInt : ^a * int -> ^a)
    and  ^a : (static member (+) : ^a * ^a -> ^a)
    and  ^a : (static member Zero : ^a)
    =3D
    if Array.length arr =3D 0 then (LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero) else
    LanguagePrimitives.DivideByInt (Array.fold (+) (LanguagePrimitives.Gene=
ricZero) arr) (Array.length arr)

My understanding is that in OCaml, one would have a module type like so: 

module type Averagable =
=3D sig
  type 'a t

  val divide_by_int : 'a -> int -> 'a
  val plus : 'a -> 'a -> 'a
  val zero : 'a
end

My question is how the corresponding function would be written: 

let average arr =3D
  ???

smolkaj replied

First, Averagable should look like this: 

module type Averagable =
=3D sig
  type t
  val divide_by_int : t -> int -> t
  val plus : t -> t -> t
  val zero : t
end

Then average will look something like this: 

let average (type t) =
(module A : Averagable with type t =3D t) (arr : t array) : t =3D
  Array.fold ~init:A.zero ~f:A.plus arr

(The code above uses Jane Street=E2=80=99s Base/Core library.)

ivg then added

While @smolkaj=E2=80=99s answer is a correct and direct implementation of y= our F# code, it might be nicer if your code can interplay with existing abs= tractions in the OCaml infrastructure. For example, 

open Base

let average (type a) (module T : Floatable.S with type t =3D a) xs =3D
  Array.fold ~init:0. ~f:(fun s x -> s +. T.to_float x) xs /.
  Float.of_int (Array.length xs)

and now it could be used with any existing numeric data in Base/Core 

average (modul=
e Int) [|1;2;3;4|];;
- : Base.Float.t =3D 2.5

and even adapted to non-numbers, 

let average_length =3D a=
verage (module struct
    include String
    let to_float x =3D Float.of_int (String.length x)
    let of_float _ =3D assert false
  end)

The latter example shows that we requested more interface than need, a cost= that we have to pay for using an existing definition. In cases when it mat= ters, you can specify the specific interface, e.g., 

module type Floatable =
=3D sig
  type t
  val to_float : t -> float
end

let average (type a) (module T : Floatable with type t =3D a) xs =3D
  Array.fold ~init:0. ~f:(fun s x -> s +. T.to_float x) xs /.
  Float.of_int (Array.length xs)

But we reached the point where using first class modules is totally unneces= sary. Our interface has only one function, so the following definition of a= verage, is much more natural 

let average xs ~f =3D
  Array.fold ~init:0. ~f:(fun s x -> s +. f x) xs /.
  Float.of_int (Array.length xs)

it has type 'a array -> f:('a -> float) -> float and = computes an average of f x_i for all elements in the array.

Old CWN

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Alan Schmitt

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